Assignments
1. What
is relative clauses! explain and find a passage then you determine itsrelative
clause! Underline!
Answers
:
A relative
clause is a kind of subordinate clause that contains an element whose
interpretation is provided by an antecedent on which the subordinate clause is
grammaticallydependent;
that is, there is an anaphoric relation between the relativized
element in the relative clause, and the antecedent on which it depends.
Typically, a relative clause
modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to
indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same
referent as that noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence I met a man who wasn't there,
the subordinate clause who
wasn't there is a relative
clause, since it modifies the noun man,
and uses the pronoun who to indicate that the same
"man" is referred to within the subordinate clause (in this case, as
its subject)....
How to use relative clauses
They are used to provide extra information. This
information can either:
·
define
something (defining clause),
Example:
The girl who is standing there is a world champion in karate.
Example:
The girl who is standing there is a world champion in karate.
·
or provide
unnecessary, but interesting information (non-defining clause).
Example:
Michael Jackson, who was a famous singer, died of an overdose.
Example:
Michael Jackson, who was a famous singer, died of an overdose.
Relative clauses can be introduced by:
1. A relative pronoun: who,
whom, which, that, whose.
Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer."
Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer."
2. A relative adverb: where,
why and when.
Example: " The restaurant where I have dinner is nice."
Example: " The restaurant where I have dinner is nice."
3. None of them.
Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy"
Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy"
Relative Pronouns
who - subject or object pronoun for people
They caught the lady who killed her baby.
which - subject or object pronoun
I read the book which is on the table.
I visited the town which you told me about.
I visited the town which you told me about.
which - referring to a whole sentence
They were unsuccessful which is disappointing.
whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in
non-restrictive relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who)
The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in
mathematics.
that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and
things in restrictive relative clauses (who or which are
also possible)
I like the vase that is over there.
Relative adverbs
where - referring to a place
The restaurant where I usually have dinner is nice.
when - referring to a time
There are times when I feel so lonely.
why - referring to a reason
This is why she refused the offer.
2. What
is conditional sentences! How may types of conditional sentences are there? Make
examples (min.5) for each type!
Answers
:
Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the
validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain
circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent
clause or may be
understood from the context.
A full conditional sentence (one
which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains
two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the condition,
called the protasis;
and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the apodosis. An example of
such a sentence (in English) is the following: If it rains, the
picnic will be cancelled.
Here the condition is expressed by
the clause "If it rains", this being the protasis, while the
consequence is expressed by "the picnic will be cancelled", this
being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it
is equally possible to say "The picnic will be cancelled if it
rains".) In terms of logic,
the protasis corresponds to theantecedent,
and the apodosis to the consequent.
In English
language teaching, conditional sentences are often classified under
the headings zero conditional, first conditional (or conditional
I), second conditional (orconditional II), third conditional (or conditional
III) and mixed conditional,
according to the grammatical pattern followed. A range of variations on these
structures are possible.
·
Zero conditional
"Zero conditional.. refers to
conditional sentences that express a simple implication (see above section),
particularly when both clauses are in the present tense:
- If you don't eat for a long
time, you become hungry.
This form of the conditional
expresses the idea that a universally known fact is being described:
- you touch a flame, you burn
yourself.
The act of burning oneself only
happens on the condition of the first clause being completed. However such
sentences can be formulated with a variety of tenses (and moods), as
appropriate to the situation.
3. If
we burn paper, it becomes ash.
4. If
it rains, the grass gets wet.
5. If
you cross an international date line, the time changes.
·
First
conditional[edit]
"First conditional" refers
to predictive conditional sentences (see above section); here, normally, the
condition is expressed using the present tense and the consequence using the
future:
1.
If
you make a mistake, someone will let you know.
2.
If
I meet him, I will introduce
myself.
3.
If
I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
4.
If
I win the lottery, I will buy a new car.
5.
If it's
sunny, we'll go to the park.
·
Second
conditional[edit]
"Second conditional"
refers to the pattern where the condition clause is in the past tense, and the
consequence in conditional mood (using would or, in the first person and rarely,should). This is used for hypothetical,
counterfactual situations in a present or future time frame (where the
condition expressed is known to be false or is presented as unlikely).
1.
If
I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
2.
If
it were to rain tomorrow, I would dance in the street.
The past tense used in the condition
clause is historically the past subjunctive;
however in modern English this is identical to the past indicative except in certain dialects in the case
of the verb be (first and third person singular),
where the indicative is was and the subjunctive were. In this case either form
may be used (was is more
colloquial, and weremore
formal, although the phrase if
I were you is common in
colloquial language too):
3.
If
I (he, she, it) was/were rich, there would be plenty of money available for
this project.
4.
If
it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
5.
If
I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
·
Third
conditional
"Third conditional" is the
pattern where the condition clause is in the past perfect, and the consequence is
expressed using the conditional perfect.
This is used to refer to hypothetical, counterfactual (or believed likely to be
counterfactual) situations in the past
1.
If
you had called me, I would have come.
2.
If
you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
3.
If
I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.
4.
If
it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone skiing.
5.
If
you had helped me, I would have helped you.
·
Mixed
conditional
"Mixed conditional"
usually refers to a mixture of the second and third conditionals (the
counterfactual patterns). Here either the condition or the consequence, but not
both, has a past time reference:
1.
If
you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
2.
If
we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.
SUMBER :
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