e-commerce

Perdagangan elektronik (E-commerce)

            Perdagangan elektronik atau e-dagang (bahasa Inggris: Electronic commerce, juga e-commerce) adalah penyebaran, pembelian, penjualan,pemasaran barang dan jasa melalui sistem elektronik seperti internet atau televisi, www, atau jaringan komputer lainnya. E-dagang dapat melibatkan transfer dana elektronik, pertukaran data elektronik, sistem manajemen inventori otomatis, dan sistem pengumpulan data otomatis.

            Industri teknologi informasi melihat kegiatan e-dagang ini sebagai aplikasi dan penerapan dari e-bisnis (e-business) yang berkaitan dengan transaksi komersial, seperti: transfer dana secara elektronik, SCM (supply chain management), e-pemasaran (e-marketing), atau pemasaran online (online marketing), pemrosesan transaksi online (online transaction processing), pertukaran data elektronik (electronic data interchange /EDI), dll.

            E-dagang atau e-commerce merupakan bagian dari e-business, di mana cakupan e-business lebih luas, tidak hanya sekedar perniagaan tetapi mencakup juga pengkolaborasian mitra bisnis, pelayanan nasabah, lowongan pekerjaan dll. Selain teknologi jaringan www, e-dagang juga memerlukan teknologi basisdata atau pangkalan data (databases), e-surat atau surat elektronik (e-mail), dan bentuk teknologi non komputer yang lain seperti halnya sistem pengiriman barang, dan alat pembayaran untuk e-dagang ini.

            E-dagang pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1994 pada saat pertama kali banner-elektronik dipakai untuk tujuan promosi dan periklanan di suatu halaman-web (website). Menurut Riset Forrester, perdagangan elektronik menghasilkan penjualan seharga AS$12,2 milyar pada 2003. Menurut laporan yang lain pada bulan oktober 2006 yang lalu, pendapatan ritel online yang bersifat non-travel di Amerika Serikat diramalkan akan mencapai seperempat trilyun dolar US pada tahun 2011.

Sejarah perkembangan

            Istilah "perdagangan elektronik" telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu. Awalnya, perdagangan elektronik berarti pemanfaatan transaksi komersial, seperti penggunaan EDI untuk mengirim dokumen komersial seperti pesanan pembelian atau invoice secara elektronik.

            Kemudian dia berkembang menjadi suatu aktivitas yang mempunya istilah yang lebih tepat "perdagangan web" — pembelian barang dan jasa melalui World Wide Web melalui server aman (HTTPS), protokol server khusus yang menggunakan enkripsi untuk merahasiakan data penting pelanggan.

            Pada awalnya ketika web mulai terkenal di masyarakat pada 1994, banyak jurnalis memperkirakan bahwa e-commerce akan menjadi sebuah sektor ekonomi baru. Namun, baru sekitar empat tahun kemudian protokol aman seperti HTTPS memasuki tahap matang dan banyak digunakan. Antara 1998 dan 2000 banyak bisnis di AS dan Eropa mengembangkan situs web perdagangan ini.

Faktor kunci sukses dalam e-commerce

            Dalam banyak kasus, sebuah perusahaan e-commerce bisa bertahan tidak hanya mengandalkan kekuatan produk saja, tapi dengan adanya tim manajemen yang handal, pengiriman yang tepat waktu, pelayanan yang bagus, struktur organisasi bisnis yang baik, jaringan infrastruktur dan keamanan, desain situs web yang bagus, beberapa faktor yang termasuk:

1.     Menyediakan harga kompetitif

2.     Menyediakan jasa pembelian yang tanggap, cepat, dan ramah.

3.     Menyediakan informasi barang dan jasa yang lengkap dan jelas.

4.     Menyediakan banyak bonus seperti kupon, penawaran istimewa, dan diskon.

5.     Memberikan perhatian khusus seperti usulan pembelian.

6.     Menyediakan rasa komunitas untuk berdiskusi, masukan dari pelanggan, dan lain-lain.

7.     Mempermudah kegiatan perdagangan

Masalah e-commerce

1.     Penipuan dengan cara pencurian identitas dan membohongi pelanggan.

2.     Hukum yang kurang berkembang dalam bidang e-commerce ini.

Aplikasi bisnis

Beberapa aplikasi umum yang berhubungan dengan e-commerce adalah:

§  E-mail dan Messaging

§  Content Management Systems

§  Dokumen, spreadsheet, database

§  Akunting dan sistem keuangan

§  Informasi pengiriman dan pemesanan

§  Pelaporan informasi dari klien dan enterprise

§  Sistem pembayaran domestik dan internasional

§  Newsgroup

§  On-line Shopping

§  Conferencing

§  Online Banking/internet Banking

§  Product Digital/Non Digital

Perusahaan terkenal

Perusahaan yang terkenal dalam bidang ini antara lain: eBay, Amazon.com, dan PayPal.

Kecocokan barang

            Ada beberapa barang yang cocok dijual secara elektronik seperti barang elektronik kecil, musik, piranti lunak, fotografi, dll. Barang yang tidak cocok seperti barang yang memiliki rasio harga dan berat yang rendah, barang-barang yang perlu dibaui, dipegang, dicicip, dan lain-lain.

Sumber :

• ·         http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_elektronik

Diambil pada hari Jum’at, 22 Juni 2012 pukul 19.25

Puisi - Puisi

CINTA KU

Disaat aku melihatmu terasa di hati,

Engkau punya segalanya.

Apa yang aku inginkan engkau memiliki segalanya

Yaitu CINTA...

Aku mencoba tuk mendekati,

Dengan segala usaha dan kemampuan ku.

Semua itu aku lakukan

Untun mendapatkan CINTA mu..

Aku membawakan  setangkai mawar,

Sebagai lambang CINTA ku pada mu..

Dan hati ku pun semakin yakin

Bahwa engkaulah CINTA KU..

SEBUAH PERASAAN

Saat ku menatap dan memandang wajahnya..

Dia begitu baik dan tulus..

Matanya yang begitu tajam..

T’lah memencarkan cahaya terang..

Tapi..

Tak seorangpun tau..

Apa isi hatinya?

Perasaan keingintauan ku pun kini telah memaksa,

Dan terus memaksa..

Hati ini pun mulai bertanya,

Apa yang terjadi dengan perasaan ku

Dan perasaannya ?

Dan kinipun semua jelas..

Bahwa aku,

MENCINTAINYA...

TERIMA KASIH TUHAN

Pagi pun t’lah tiba..

Keindahan pagi terasa indah,

Dikala cakrawala mentari bersinar..

Disaat tetesan embun pagi membasahi pepohonan,

Disaat kicauan burung berkicau,

Aku terbangun dengan semangat baru.

Begitu besar karunia dan keindahan dari sang pencipta..

Terima kasih TUHAN,

Engkau masih memberikan nafas kehidupan.

Serta keindahan dalam hidup ku.

Semua ini sangat berharga bagiku..

Terima kasih TUHAN...

IBU

Sungguh bangganya diriku terhadapMu..

Perjuanganmu begitu besar.

Nyawapun engkau pertaruhkan,

Demi diriku seorang.

IBU.. tanpa dirimu..

Dunia ini hanyalah khayalan bagiku.

Semangat dan kerja kerasmu,

Dalam membimbingku begitu besar.

Semuanya yang telah engkau berikan kepadaku,

Mungkin tak dapat ku balas dengan apapun.

Terima kasih IBU..

Noun Clause and Conjunction

NOUN CLAUSES

 

A noun clause is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence.  It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause. A noun clause has its own subject and verb. It can begin with a question word. It can begin with if or whether. And it can begin with that.

a) Noun clauses with question words:

The following question words can be used to introduce a noun clause: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose.

Example:

Where does Maria live?

I don't know -------------.

It is incorrect to say, "I don't know where does she live."

Notice that "does she live" is a question form.  Noun clauses cannot be in question form; it has to be a statement.

"I don't know where she lives" is the correct answer.

 

Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be:

A noun or pronoun that follows main verb 'be' in a question comes in front of 'be' in a noun clause.

Example:

--> Who is that boy? I don't know who that boy is.

--> Whose pen is this? I don't know whose pen this is.

A prepositional phrase does not come in front of 'be' in a noun clause.

Example:

--> Who is in the office? I don't know who is in the office.

--> Whose pen is on the desk? I don't know whose pen is on the desk.

Notice that usual word order is not used when the question word is the subject of the question as in 'who' and 'what'.  In this case, the word order in the noun clause is the same as the word order in question.

Be sure to complete the exercises in the assignments.

 

b) Noun clauses, which begin with if or whether:

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, if is usually used to introduce the clause. 

Example:

--> Is Maria at home?

               I don't know if Maria is at home.

--> Does this bus go to Los Angeles?

               I don't know if this bus goes to Los Angeles.

--> Did Juan go to Mexico?

               I wonder if Juan went to Mexico.

Frequently, speakers may add 'or not'.  This comes at the end of the noun clause in sentences with 'if' and immediately after 'whether' in sentences with 'whether'.

Example:

--> I don't know if Maria is at home or not.

--> I don't know whether or not Maria is at home.

Notice that we cannot use 'or not' immediately after 'if'.

 

c) Noun clauses which begin with that:

A noun clause can be introduced by the word 'that'.

Example :

--> I think that Ms. Weiss is a good teacher.

In the sentence above, 'Ms. Weiss is a good teacher' is a noun clause. It is the object of the verb 'think'.

 

CONJUNCTION

In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.

The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.).

Many students are taught that certain conjunctions (such as "and", "but", and "so") should not begin sentences, although authorities such as the Chicago Manual of Style proclaim that this teaching has "no historical or grammatical foundation". (See Disputes in English grammar.)

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("I would go, only I don't have time").

Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:

• For presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.").
• And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.").
• Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.").
• But presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.").
• Or presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day, they gamble or they smoke.").
• Yet presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.").
• So presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.").

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:

1) either...or

2) not only...but also

3) neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or)

4) both...and

5) whether...or

6) just as...so

Examples:

• You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
• Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.
• Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
• Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
• Whether you stay or go is your decision.
• Just as many Americans love football, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

 

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while. Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time"). Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.

In many verb-final languages, subordinate clauses must precede the main clause on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either

• clause-final conjunctions (e.g. in Japanese), or
• suffixes attached to the verb and not separate words

Such languages in fact often lack conjunctions as a part of speech because:

1. the form of the verb used is formally nominalised and cannot occur in an independent clause
2. the clause-final conjunction or suffix attached to the verb is actually formally a marker of case and is also used on nouns to indicate certain functions. In this sense, the subordinate clauses of these languages have much in common with postpositional phrases.

Excersice 1

1.  Do you know _____________________?

    A.  where we will be taking the TOEFL test

    B.  where will we be taking the TOEFL test

    C.  where we will taking the TOEFL test

    D.  which we will be taking the TOEFL test

Jawab : A

2.  _________________changed his life forever.

    A.   That Tomo did

    B.   What  did Tomo do

    C.   What Tomo did

    D.   Who Tomo did

Jawab : C

3.  I will talk _________________.

    A.  about whatever is on your mind

    B.  whatever is on your mind

    C.  about whenever is on your mind

    D.  about whichever is on your mind

Jawab : A

4.  I don't know ____________________.

    A.  when will we go to the football game

    B.  whom we will go to the football game

    C.  whenever we will go to the football game

    D.  when we will go to the football game

Jawab : D

5.  ______________________ when the others will arrive?

    A.  Do Steve know

    B.  Do Steve knows

    C.  Does Steve know

    D.  Is Steve know

Jawab:C
 

Excersice 2

1 . I need an office to myself ______ I can get some work done.

a.   So

b.  so that

c.   although

d.  when

e.   since

Jawab : B

2 . Write it down ______ you don't forget.

a.    So

b.    so that

c.    although

d.    when

e.    since

Jawab : B

3 . I need to get to work early ______ I can finish the report before the meeting.

a.    So

b.    so that

c.    although

d.    when

e.    since

Jawab : B

4 . I'll tell her ______ I see her.

a.    So

b.    so that

c.    although

d.    when

e.    since

Jawab : D

5 . ______ you left, the atmosphere in the office has not been as nice.

a.    So

b.    so that

c.    although

d.    when

e.    since

Jawab : E

Source :

v  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_%28grammar%29

v  http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/nouncl1.html

v http://buckhoff.topcities.com/noun_clauses.htm#Noun%20clauses/infinitives:%20%20Quiz%201

v  http://www.better-english.com/grammar/con2.htm