Jumat, 27 April 2012

Noun Clause and Conjunction

NOUN CLAUSES

 

A noun clause is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence.  It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause. A noun clause has its own subject and verb. It can begin with a question word. It can begin with if or whether. And it can begin with that.



a) Noun clauses with question words:

The following question words can be used to introduce a noun clause: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose.

Example:

Where does Maria live?

I don't know -------------.

It is incorrect to say, "I don't know where does she live."

Notice that "does she live" is a question form.  Noun clauses cannot be in question form; it has to be a statement.

"I don't know where she lives" is the correct answer.

 

Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be:

A noun or pronoun that follows main verb 'be' in a question comes in front of 'be' in a noun clause.

Example:

--> Who is that boy? I don't know who that boy is.

--> Whose pen is this? I don't know whose pen this is.

A prepositional phrase does not come in front of 'be' in a noun clause.

Example:

--> Who is in the office? I don't know who is in the office.

--> Whose pen is on the desk? I don't know whose pen is on the desk.

Notice that usual word order is not used when the question word is the subject of the question as in 'who' and 'what'.  In this case, the word order in the noun clause is the same as the word order in question.

Be sure to complete the exercises in the assignments.

 

b) Noun clauses, which begin with if or whether:

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, if is usually used to introduce the clause. 

Example:

--> Is Maria at home?

               I don't know if Maria is at home.

--> Does this bus go to Los Angeles?

               I don't know if this bus goes to Los Angeles.

--> Did Juan go to Mexico?

               I wonder if Juan went to Mexico.

Frequently, speakers may add 'or not'.  This comes at the end of the noun clause in sentences with 'if' and immediately after 'whether' in sentences with 'whether'.

Example:

--> I don't know if Maria is at home or not.

--> I don't know whether or not Maria is at home.

Notice that we cannot use 'or not' immediately after 'if'.

 

c) Noun clauses which begin with that:

A noun clause can be introduced by the word 'that'.

Example :

--> I think that Ms. Weiss is a good teacher.

In the sentence above, 'Ms. Weiss is a good teacher' is a noun clause. It is the object of the verb 'think'.

 



CONJUNCTION
In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.).
Many students are taught that certain conjunctions (such as "and", "but", and "so") should not begin sentences, although authorities such as the Chicago Manual of Style proclaim that this teaching has "no historical or grammatical foundation". (See Disputes in English grammar.)




Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("I would go, only I don't have time").
Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:
  • For presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.").
  • And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.").
  • Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.").
  • But presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.").
  • Or presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day, they gamble or they smoke.").
  • Yet presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.").
  • So presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.").


Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
1) either...or
2) not only...but also
3) neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or)
4) both...and
5) whether...or
6) just as...so
Examples:
  • You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
  • Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.
  • Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
  • Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
  • Whether you stay or go is your decision.
  • Just as many Americans love football, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

 

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while. Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time"). Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.
In many verb-final languages, subordinate clauses must precede the main clause on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either
  • clause-final conjunctions (e.g. in Japanese), or
  • suffixes attached to the verb and not separate words


Such languages in fact often lack conjunctions as a part of speech because:
  1. the form of the verb used is formally nominalised and cannot occur in an independent clause
  2. the clause-final conjunction or suffix attached to the verb is actually formally a marker of case and is also used on nouns to indicate certain functions. In this sense, the subordinate clauses of these languages have much in common with postpositional phrases.




Excersice 1

1.  Do you know _____________________?

    A.  where we will be taking the TOEFL test

    B.  where will we be taking the TOEFL test

    C.  where we will taking the TOEFL test

    D.  which we will be taking the TOEFL test
Jawab : A

2.  _________________changed his life forever.

    A.   That Tomo did

    B.   What  did Tomo do

    C.   What Tomo did

    D.   Who Tomo did
Jawab : C

3.  I will talk _________________.

    A.  about whatever is on your mind

    B.  whatever is on your mind

    C.  about whenever is on your mind

    D.  about whichever is on your mind
Jawab : A

4.  I don't know ____________________.

    A.  when will we go to the football game

    B.  whom we will go to the football game

    C.  whenever we will go to the football game

    D.  when we will go to the football game
Jawab : D

5.  ______________________ when the others will arrive?

    A.  Do Steve know

    B.  Do Steve knows

    C.  Does Steve know

    D.  Is Steve know
Jawab:C
 

Excersice 2

1 . I need an office to myself ______ I can get some work done.
a.   So
b.  so that
c.   although
d.  when
e.   since
Jawab : B

2 . Write it down ______ you don't forget.
a.    So
b.    so that
c.    although
d.    when
e.    since
Jawab : B

3 . I need to get to work early ______ I can finish the report before the meeting.
a.    So
b.    so that
c.    although
d.    when
e.    since
Jawab : B

4 . I'll tell her ______ I see her.
a.    So
b.    so that
c.    although
d.    when
e.    since
Jawab : D

5 . ______ you left, the atmosphere in the office has not been as nice.
a.    So
b.    so that
c.    although
d.    when
e.    since
Jawab : E





Source :

Kamis, 05 April 2012

Adverbial Clause & Direct and Indirect Speech

Adverbial clause

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.
  • I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
  • He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):
  • We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
  • We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)
Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.
  • I like to fly kites for fun.
Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:
  • Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.
The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".


Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause
common conjunctions
function
example
time clauses
when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.
These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses
if, unless, lest
These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.
If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses
in order to, so that, in order that
These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses
because, since, as, given
These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses
so...that
These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses
although, though, while
These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses
where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")
These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner
as, like, the way
These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.







Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said. 


Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

For example:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
He said he was going to the cinema.


Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): 

Direct speech

Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change: 

Direct speech

Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online."
could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."
had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?"
might
She asked if she might open a new browser.





Excersice 1

1.    Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
Raul         : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country            d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country        e. he goes to his country
c. he will go to his country
    Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung har
us past perfect)

2.    Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer   : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy     : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent            d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent            e. why Mary had been absent
c. why was Mary absent
    Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk past perfect)

3.    Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman  : Okay, mom.
Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy            d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy            e. to be not so noisy
c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)


Excersice 2

1.       __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher. 
A. Despite of
B
. In spite of 

C
. Even though
D
. Nonetheless

Jawaban : C

2.  _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets.
A. How that
B. That
C. When 

D. However

Jawaban : D

3.      _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home. 
A. Although
B. Despite

C. In spite of
D. Nevertheless

Jawaban : C



Source : 
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause
    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.htm#BOTTOM